Learn how to use the prepositions "until" and "from"
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| INTRODUCTION |
| John: Deciding What to Eat at an American Restaurant. John Here. |
| Becky: Hey I'm Becky. |
| John: In this lesson, you’ll learn the prepositions “from” and “until”. The conversation takes place at a restaurant. |
| Becky: It's between Kate and Sean. |
| John: The speakers are friends, so they will use informal English. Okay, let's listen to the conversation. |
| DIALOGUE |
| Kate: This restaurant is highly recommended. |
| Sean: Yes, my friend suggested the lunch buffet. |
| Kate: Oh, that is served from 11:30. |
| Sean: But only until 2pm. |
| Kate: Really? It's 1pm now, we should hurry up and decide. |
| Sean: The buffet sounds good to me! |
| John: Listen to the conversation one time slowly. |
| Kate: This restaurant is highly recommended. |
| Sean: Yes, my friend suggested the lunch buffet. |
| Kate: Oh, that is served from 11:30. |
| Sean: But only until 2pm. |
| Kate: Really? It's 1pm now, we should hurry up and decide. |
| Sean: The buffet sounds good to me! |
| POST CONVERSATION BANTER |
| John: A buffet lunch sounds good right now. |
| Becky: Are you hungry, John? |
| John: Yeah. After this lesson is finished, we should all go out for dinner. What types of restaurants are there in the US? |
| Becky: Americans love eating out, so there are many types of restaurants to choose from. It can differ from state to state though. |
| John: I heard that Mexican food is popular, especially in the states near the Mexican border or with a large number of Mexican immigrants. |
| Becky: That’s right. I love Mexican food. |
| John: Me too. Something else I heard about the US is that you have to tip. |
| Becky: There’s no law, but it’s socially expected of you to tip. |
| John: How much should we tip? |
| Becky: Staff in restaurants are often low paid and rely on tips to top up their wages. The typical amount is 15 to 20%. |
| John: Wow, so much? Do you have to work that out yourself? |
| Becky: Usually, although some restaurants might do it for you. |
| John: Right. I’ll take extra cash for the tip then! Okay, now onto the vocab. |
| VOCAB LIST |
| John: Let’s take a look at the vocabulary from this lesson. The first word is... |
| Becky: highly [natural native speed] |
| John: to a high degree or level |
| Becky: highly [slowly - broken down by syllable] |
| Becky: highly [natural native speed] |
| John: Next we have... |
| Becky: to recommend [natural native speed] |
| John: to endorse, to speak well of, to suggest |
| Becky: to recommend[slowly - broken down by syllable] |
| Becky: to recommend [natural native speed] |
| John: Next we have... |
| Becky: to suggest [natural native speed] |
| John: to provide an alternative |
| Becky: to suggest[slowly - broken down by syllable] |
| Becky: to suggest [natural native speed] |
| John: Next we have... |
| Becky: friend [natural native speed] |
| John: a person whose company you enjoy |
| Becky: friend[slowly - broken down by syllable] |
| Becky: friend [natural native speed] |
| John: Next we have... |
| Becky: lunch [natural native speed] |
| John: a meal eaten in the middle of the day |
| Becky: lunch[slowly - broken down by syllable] |
| Becky: lunch [natural native speed] |
| John: Next we have... |
| Becky: buffet [natural native speed] |
| John: a style of eating where numerous dishes are offered and can be freely chosen |
| Becky: buffet[slowly - broken down by syllable] |
| Becky: buffet [natural native speed] |
| John: Next we have…. |
| Becky: to serve [natural native speed] |
| John: to help, to attend to, to work for |
| Becky: to serve[slowly - broken down by syllable] |
| Becky: to serve [natural native speed] |
| John: Next we have…. |
| Becky: only [natural native speed] |
| John: solely, there is nothing else |
| Becky: only[slowly - broken down by syllable] |
| Becky: only [natural native speed] |
| John: And lastly... |
| Becky: to hurry [natural native speed] |
| John: to move quickly, to rush something |
| Becky: to hurry[slowly - broken down by syllable] |
| Becky: to hurry [natural native speed] |
| KEY VOCAB AND PHRASES |
| John: Let's have a closer look at the usage of some of the words and phrases from this lesson. The first word is... |
| Becky: highly |
| John: ...meaning "to a high degree or level". What can you tell us about this word? |
| Becky: This comes from the word “high” and is an adverb. |
| John: How do you use it? |
| Becky: You can use it to mean particularly well. |
| John: So, we can say that this restaurant is “highly recommended.” |
| Becky: Yes. That means that many people recommend it and say that it is really good. |
| John: Can you give us an example using this word? |
| Becky: Sure. For example, you can say, “His new single ranked highly on the charts.” |
| John: Which means "His new single placed at a high spot in the charts." Okay, what's the next word? |
| Becky: To recommend |
| John: ...meaning "to endorse, to speak well of, to suggest." What can you tell us about this word? |
| Becky: This is a verb, and you will hear it a lot when you’re talking about food. |
| John: Why is that? |
| Becky: It’s a good verb to remember when you want a suggestion for what to eat. |
| John: You can ask the waiter “What do you recommend?” |
| Becky: There is also a related noun - “recommendation.” |
| John: Can you give us an example using the verb to recommend? |
| Becky: For example, you can say, “I recommend the steak.” |
| John: Which means "I suggest the steak as I think it’s very good." Okay, what's the next word? |
| Becky: to suggest |
| John: meaning "to provide an alternative." What can you tell us about this word? |
| Becky: This is a verb. There’s also a related noun, “suggestion.” |
| John: How do you use this? |
| Becky: “To suggest” and “to recommend” can be used in similar ways, but they are different. |
| John: How are they different? |
| Becky: With “to recommend,” you’re stating your personal opinion or preference. As in, “You should try this because I think it is good.” But “to suggest” doesn’t mean that you like it, you might just think it’s best for the situation. |
| John: Can you give us an example using this word? |
| Becky: Sure. For example, you can say, “I suggest that we meet at 3pm.” |
| John: Okay, now onto the lesson focus. |
Lesson focus |
|---|
| John: In this lesson, you'll learn about the prepositions “from” and “until”. Let’s start with the preposition “from.” |
| Becky: You can use “from” in a couple of different ways. We will look at it again in lesson 15. |
| John: How is it being used in this lesson? |
| Becky: In this lesson, we’re looking at “from” as a preposition of time. |
| John: You can use it to talk about when something starts. |
| Becky: Yes, it usually goes before a time expression, such as “from 10am,” “from Tuesday,” things like that. |
| John: Okay, let’s look at some example sentences. |
| Becky: “I am free from 9am.” |
| John: So, the free time starts at 9am. |
| Becky: “He will attend the other class from Tuesday.” |
| John: So, he starts to attend the other class on Tuesday, and will continue to do so after. |
| Becky: It’s important to remember that we use “from” to emphasize the starting point and can use it for things in the future. |
| John: “The library will be open from next year.” |
| Becky: Make sure not to confuse “from” with the preposition “since.” We can’t use “since” this way. “Since” is for things that started in the past and continue on. |
| John: For example, “The library will be open since next year” is wrong. |
| Becky: But “the library has been open since last year” is correct. |
| John: Now, let’s move on to “until”. |
| Becky: You use “until” to talk about the time something will finish. |
| John: Again, it’s used with time expressions, so “until 10pm,” or “until Wednesday.” |
| Becky: An example is “He slept until 9am.” |
| John: This means he was asleep, and then he woke up at 9am. |
| Becky: “The mountain is closed until June.” |
| John: The mountain is closed now, and people won’t be able to visit until June. |
| Becky: I want to teach an idiom using “until” that can be very sweet. |
| John: Sweet? What do you mean? |
| Becky: There is the idiom “until the end of time.” It means “always,” or “forever.” So if you say to someone “I will love you until the end of time...” |
| John: It means you will love them forever. That is kinda sweet! |
Outro |
| John: Okay, that’s all for this lesson. Thank you for listening, everyone, and we’ll see you next time! Bye! |
| Becky: Bye! |
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